Since cloning of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4), its role in the brain has remained
unclear. It has been reported that polymorphism of the DRD4 gene in humans is associated …

Drug discrimination methodology makes possible the objective, quantitative study of the
perception of psychoactive drug effects in either human or animal subjects. Investigations of …

Cigarette smoking is a social behavior. Smoking is also accompanied by distinctive
gustatory and olfactory stimulation. However, none of these factors affecting nicotine intake …

Cigarette smoking is a major public health problem that causes more than 5 million deaths
annually worldwide. Cigarette smoking is especially common among individuals with …

Sex differences in the sensitivity to nicotine may influence vulnerability to tobacco
dependence. The goal of this study was to investigate the dose–response function for the …

Concurrent cigarette smoking and cocaine use is well documented. However, the behavioral
pharmacology of cocaine and nicotine combinations is poorly understood, and there is a …

Introduction: Cigarette smoking is largely driven by the reinforcing properties of nicotine.
Intravenous (IV) self-administration procedures are the gold standard for investigating the …

Abstract Introduction Variation in CYP2A6, the primary enzyme responsible for nicotine
metabolism, is associated with nicotine dependence, cigarette consumption, and abstinence …

Rationale Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2 and mGluR3) have been
suggested to play an important role in mediation of drug-reinforced behaviors, as well as in …

The endogenous opioid system has been reported to participate in nicotine behavioural
responses. The aim of the study was to determine the contribution of the endogenous …