Both social environment and genetic factors are critical for smoking initiation and nicotine
addiction. We reported that rats developed conditioned flavor (ie, taste and odor) aversion to …

Positive modulation of the GABAB receptor (GABABR) represents a potentially useful
therapeutic approach for the treatment of nicotine addiction. The positive allosteric …

The toll of tobacco use on a pulmonary practice is severe. Physicians, patients, and their
families experience frustration, hopelessness, and even anger when confronted with a …

Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is one type of preclinical procedure for research on
pharmacological mechanisms that mediate abuse potential of drugs acting at various …

Rationale The concurrent use of cocaine and nicotine is associated with increases in their
relative rates of intake. While this increase could be due to a high reinforcing effect of the …

BACKGROUND: Marked interindividual differences in vulnerability to nicotine dependence
exist, but factors underlying such differences are not well understood. The midbrain α4β2 …

Extinction bursts are characterized by a temporary increase in responding when drug
access is withheld from rats trained to self-administer drugs of abuse. Thus far, one study …

Reducing the negative health effects caused by tobacco products continues to be a public
health priority. The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 gives the …

Rapid tolerance develops to many of nicotine's behavioral and autonomic effects. A better
understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns in neuronal activity as a consequence of acute …

Alcohol is consumed orally by humans, and oral self‐administration has been successfully
modeled in laboratory animals. Over the last several years, attempts have been made to …