Critical features of human addiction are increasingly being incorporated into complementary
animal models, including escalation of drug intake, punished drug seeking and taking …

Orexins (also known as hypocretins) are neuropeptides located exclusively in hypothalamic
neurons that have extensive projections throughout the central nervous system and bind two …

Background Studies using continuous-access drug self-administration showed that cocaine
seeking increases during abstinence (incubation of cocaine craving). Recently, studies …

Hypocretin/orexin neurons are distributed restrictively in the hypothalamus, a brain region
known to orchestrate diverse functions including sleep, reward processing, food intake …

Repeated drug use can change dopamine (DA) function in ways that promote the
development and persistence of addiction, but in what direction? By one view, drug use …

Orexins, or hypocretins, are excitatory neuropeptides involved in the regulation of feeding
behavior and the sleep and wakefulness states. Since their discovery, several lines of …

Orexins comprise two neuropeptides produced by orexin neurons in the lateral
hypothalamus and are released by extensive projections of these neurons throughout the …

As opioid-related fatalities continue to rise, the need for novel opioid use disorder (OUD)
treatments could not be more urgent. Two separate hypothalamic neuropeptide systems …

It has been proposed that binge eating reflects a pathological compulsion driven by the
“addictive” properties of foods. Proponents of this argument highlight the large degree of …

The orexin (hypocretin) system plays a critical role in motivated drug taking. Cocaine self‐
administration with the intermittent access (IntA) procedure produces a robust addiction‐like …