Cardenolides are remarkable steroidal toxins that have become model systems, critical in
the development of theories for chemical ecology and coevolution. Because cardenolides …

Abstract Background and Aims Apocynaceae and Orchidaceae are two angiosperm families
with extreme flower synorganization. They are unrelated, the former in eudicots, the latter in …

Woody climbers, vines, perennial herbs, trees or shrubs, more rarely annuals, sometimes
with large water-storing tubers or a xylopod, sometimes succulent, with large grappling …

An updated suprageneric classification is provided for Apocynaceae to bring the family into
better agreement with recent morphological and molecular, mainly phylogenetic-based …

Premise Comprising five families that vastly differ in species richness—ranging from
Gelsemiaceae with 13 species to the Rubiaceae with 13,775 species—members of the …

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of DNA from the plastid to the nuclear and mitochondrial
genomes of higher plants is a common phenomenon; however, plastid genomes …

Premise of the Study We provide the largest phylogenetic analyses to date of Apocynaceae
in terms of taxa and molecular data as a framework for analyzing the evolution of vegetative …

Aquatic Dicotyledons of North America: Ecology, Life History, and Systematics brings
together a wealth of information on the natural history, ecology, and systematics of North …

Crown clade Apocynaceae comprise seven primary lineages of lianas, shrubs, and herbs
with a diversity of pollen aggregation morphologies including monads, tetrads, and pollinia …

The Apocynaceae comprise approximately 5,000 species and are widely distributed. The
family belongs to the Gentianales and can be easily recognized by the presence of latex and …