This article is a survey of program visualization systems intended for teaching beginners
about the runtime behavior of computer programs. Our focus is on generic systems that are …

In this paper we review the literature relating to the psychological/educational study of
programming. We identify general trends comparing novice and expert programmers …

The digital divide has loomed as a public policy issue for over a decade. Yet, a theoretical
account for the effects of the digital divide is currently lacking. This study examines three …

In computer science, an expected outcome of a student's education is programming skill.
This working group investigated the programming competency students have as they …

One of the central topics in computing education research (CEDR) is the exploration of how
a person learns their first programming language, also described in terms such as …

We have conducted a web-based questionnaire on the various concepts and topics of object-
oriented programming that students on introductory courses found most difficult to cope with …

We present Joey NMT, a minimalist neural machine translation toolkit based on PyTorch that
is specifically designed for novices. Joey NMT provides many popular NMT features in a …

Much effort has been devoted to the development and empirical validation of object-oriented
metrics. The empirical validations performed thus far would suggest that a core set of …

Learning to program is a unique experience for each student, and it is not fully understood
why one person in an introductory programming course learns to program better and more …

Advantages and shortcomings of different process modeling languages are heavily debated,
both in academia and industry, but little evidence is presented to support judgements. With …