Background and objectives Pleural infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality
among adults. Identification of the offending organism is key to appropriate antimicrobial …

The critical nature of the microbiology laboratory in infectious disease diagnosis calls for a
close, positive working relationship between the physician/advanced practice provider and …

Objectives Pleural infection is a condition commonly encountered by the respiratory
physician. This review aims to provide the reader with an update on the most recent data …

Background Pleural infection is a common and severe disease with high morbidity and
mortality worldwide. The knowledge of pleural infection bacteriology remains incomplete, as …

Background Many community-acquired pleural infections are caused by facultative and
anaerobic bacteria from the human oral microbiota. The epidemiology, clinical …

Objectives The view of pleural empyema as a complication of bacterial pneumonia is
changing because many patients lack evidence of underlying pneumonia. To further our …

Background Complicated parapneumonic effusions and empyema represent advanced
stages of pleural infections and are characterized by a high mortality. Medical thoracoscopy …

Interpreting pleural fluid results correctly requires an awareness of the possible aetiologies
of a pleural effusion and an understanding of the reliability of the outcome of each …

Pleural infection in adults has considerable morbidity and continues to be a life-threatening
condition. The term “pleural infection” encompasses complicated parapneumonic effusions …

Background Pleural infection is a common complication of pneumonia associated with high
mortality and poor clinical outcome. Treatment of pleural infection relies on the use of broad …