In the past 15 years, B cells have been rediscovered to be not merely bystanders but rather
active participants in autoimmune aetiology. This has been fuelled in part by the clinical …

During the past decade, accumulating evidence from the research highlights the suggested
effects of bacterial communities of the human gut microbiota and their metabolites on health …

Increasing evidence indicates the involvement of B cells in the pathogenesis of multiple
sclerosis (MS), but their precise roles are unclear. In this Review, we provide an overview of …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease triggered by environmental factors that act
on a genetically susceptible host. It features three clinical stages: a pre-clinical stage …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterised by severe joint and bone damage due to
heightened autoimmune response at the articular sites. Worldwide annual incidence and …

The success of clinical trials of selective B‐cell depletion in patients with relapsing multiple
sclerosis (MS) and primary progressive MS has led to a conceptual shift in the …

Currently, medications used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are glucocorticoids (GCs) and
nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), predominantly used for controlling the pain …

B cells are essential components of the adaptive immune system and have important roles
in the pathogenesis of several central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Besides producing …

There is growing recognition that B cell contributions to normal immune responses extend
well beyond their potential to become antibody-producing cells, including roles at the innate …

B cells are not limited to producing protective antibodies; they also perform additional
functions relevant to both health and disease. However, the relative contribution of …