Survival in a hostile environment requires the ability to mount a protective immune response
while avoiding a reaction of the immune system against the self. We propose that the …

Fishes (ie, teleost fishes) are the largest group of vertebrates. Although their immune system
is based on the fundamental receptors, pathways, and cell types found in all groups of …

We recently have identified an antigen receptor in sharks called NAR (n ew or n urse shark a
ntigen r eceptor) that is secreted by splenocytes but does not associate with Ig light (L) …

To effect the molecular integrity of the individual, the immune system has to gather antigenic
information and respond in a meaningful way. Immunologists traditionally have focused their …

An immune response to pathogen typically involves progression from, innate immunity to
adaptive immunity. The questions of whether and how innate immunity influences adaptive …

Recently, the network paradigm, an application of graph theory to biology, has proven to be
a powerful approach to gaining insights into biological complexity, and has catalyzed the …

Degeneracy is a word with two meanings. The popular usage of the word denotes deviance
and decay. In scientific discourse, degeneracy refers to the idea that different pathways can …

It is a key issue in immunology to understand how the immune system discriminates
between self-and nonself, inhibiting autoimmune responses but allowing the host to mount …

Cell-mediated immunity involves the participation of both regulatory and cytotoxic cells. The
conversion of precursors to effector CD8+ cytotoxic T (Tc) cells requires cell-cell …

TdT knock-out mice have established the role of this enzyme in vivo: TdT mediates the
transition from the relatively limited fetal to the highly diverse adult antigen receptor …