Except for monozygotic twins, each person is born with a unique assortment of genes. But
one's genotype, like one's birth, is only a potentiality. Each of us realizes individuality in the …

If we are to discuss the immune system, we must first agree on what is an immune system.
This will permit us to talk the same language without compromising different points of view. I …

Cancer immunotherapy is based on the premise that activated, pro-inflammatory T cell
responses to tumor will mostly combat tumor growth. Nowadays accepted as largely valid …

This essay is a selected aspect of the history of contemporary immunology seen from a
“what can we learn” point of view. It is limited to the ideas and experiments from which we …

Some ideas because of their intuitive appeal never die by neglect and survive because they
are not amenable to experimental disproof. They can only be evaluated by weighing them …

There are three questions under re‐examination here that have been inspired by Bretscher's
'Two‐step, Two‐signal'model. First, what is the nature of the steps required in order for …

T cells undergo a defined program of phenotypic and genetic changes during differentiation
within the thymus. These changes define commitment of T‐cell receptor (TCR) γσ and …

The idiotypic network theory (INT) was conceived by the Danish immunologist Niels Kaj
Jerne in 1973/1974. It proposes an overall view of the immune system as a network of …

Fifty years ago Sir F. Macfarlane Burnet published his first fundamental contribution to the
theory of immune tolerance he perfected 10 years later. Since then an impressive amount of …

The Specific immunologic non-reactivity to allografts that was first produced in fetal or
neonatal mice by Billingham, Brent, and Medawar, 1 and, ultimately, in human bone marrow …