Morphology forms the most fundamental level of data in vertebrate palaeontology because it
is through interpretations of morphology that taxa are identified, creating the basis for broad …

The herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods were the
largest terrestrial animals ever, surpassing the largest herbivorous mammals by an order of …

The largest known dinosaurs weighed at least 20 million times as much as the smallest,
indicating exceptional phenotypic divergence. Previous studies have focused on extreme …

This is not intended to be an exhaustive guide, and most people will need handson training
from an experienced technician to get the best results. However, we provide here an outline …

Long bones (femora, humeri) are the most abundant remains of sauropod dinosaurs. Their
length is a good proxy for body length and body mass, and their histology is informative …

Were dinosaurs ectotherms or fast-metabolizing endotherms whose activities were
unconstrained by temperature? To date, some of the strongest evidence for endothermy …

Background During the growth of complex multicellular organisms, chronological age, size
and morphology change together in a hierarchical and coordinated pattern. Among extinct …

Pneumatic (air‐filled) postcranial bones are unique to birds among extant tetrapods.
Unambiguous skeletal correlates of postcranial pneumaticity first appeared in the Late …

A major macroevolutionary question concerns how long-term patterns of body-size evolution
are underpinned by smaller scale processes along lineages. One outstanding long-term …

The independent evolution of gigantism among dinosaurs has been a topic of long-standing
interest, but it remains unclear if gigantic theropods, the largest bipeds in the fossil record, all …