Activated B cells participate in either extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) responses.
Canonical responses are composed of a short wave of plasmablasts (PBs) arising from EF …

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamilies (TNFSF/TNFRSF)
include 19 ligands and 29 receptors that play important roles in the modulation of cellular …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, and ultimately fatal, chronic interstitial
lung disease characterized by enhanced extracellular matrix deposition. Repetitive alveolar …

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a flexible, hydrophilic simple polymer that is physically attached
to peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, liposomes, and nanoparticles to reduce renal clearance …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered a chronic systemic, multi-factorial, inflammatory, and
progressive autoimmune disease affecting many people worldwide. While patients show …

B cells play a central role in the immunopathogenesis of glomerulonephritides and
transplant rejection. B cells secrete antibodies that contribute to tissue injury via multiple …

Survival of plasma cells is regulated by B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), a membrane-
bound receptor activated by its agonist ligands BAFF and APRIL. Here we report that γ …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by multisystem immune-mediated
injury in the setting of autoimmunity to nuclear antigens. The clinical heterogeneity of SLE …

Intestinal dysbiosis, characterized by a reduced Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, has been
reported in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. In this study, in vitro cultures …

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue caused by the
presence of autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) or the muscle-specific …