There have been many advances in our knowledge about different aspects of P2Y receptor
signaling since the last review published by our International Union of Pharmacology …

The detrusor smooth muscle is the main muscle component of the urinary bladder wall. Its
ability to contract over a large length interval and to relax determines the bladder function …

The concept of a purinergic signaling system, using purine nucleotides and nucleosides as
extracellular messengers, was first proposed over 30 years ago. After a brief introduction …

Patients with chronic inflammatory bowel diseases are at an increased risk of developing
colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Chronic inflammation positively correlates with …

The action of thyroid hormones (THs) in the brain is strictly regulated, since these hormones
play a crucial role in the development and physiological functioning of the central nervous …

P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors are highly localized on peripheral and central processes of
sensory afferent nerves, and activation of these channels contributes to the pronociceptive …

The ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (E-NPP) multigene family
contains five members. NPP1-3 are type II transmembrane metalloenzymes characterized …

Corticosteroid hormones play an important role in the control of vascular smooth muscle
tone by their permissive effects in potentiating vasoactive responses to catecholamines …

In the central nervous system (CNS), adenosine is an important neuromodulator and
regulates neuronal and non-neuronal cellular function (eg microglia) by actions on …

Bisphosphonates, drugs used widely in the treatment of bone diseases, prevent osteoblast
and osteocyte apoptosis by a mechanism involving extracellular signal-regulated kinase …