Introduction Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global psychiatric disorder with no
established biomarker. There is growing evidence that functional near-infrared spectroscopy …

Importance Although several strategies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
have been investigated as treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), their comparative …

A group of European experts was commissioned to establish guidelines on the therapeutic
use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) from evidence published up until …

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive neuroimaging tool for studying evoked
hemodynamic changes within the brain. By this technique, changes in the optical absorption …

Conditioned fear responses to a tone previously paired with a shock diminish if the tone is
repeatedly presented without the shock, a process known as extinction. Since Pavlov it has …

The prefrontal cortex in rats can be distinguished anatomically from other frontal cortical
areas both in terms of cytoarchitectonic characteristics and neural connectivity, and it can be …

This article reviews diffuse optical brain imaging, a technique that employs near-infrared
light to non-invasively probe the brain for changes in parameters relating to brain function …

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffuse optical imaging (DOI) are finding widespread
application in the study of human brain activation, motivating further application-specific …

Fear extinction is the decrease in conditioned fear responses that normally occurs when a
conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented in the absence of the aversive …

Two decades ago, the introduction of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) into the
field of neuroscience created new opportunities for investigating neural processes within the …