Researches dedicated to reactive oxygen species (ROS) had been performed for decades,
yet the outcomes remain controversial. With the relentless effort of studies, researchers have …

Idiopathic calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones often develop attached to Randall's plaque
present on kidney papillary surfaces. Similar to the plaques formed during vascular …

Calcium is an important second messenger involved in intra-and extracellular signaling
cascades and plays an essential role in cell life and death decisions. The Ca 2+ signaling …

Calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones are formed attached to Randall's plaques (RPs) or
Randall's plugs. Mechanisms involved in the formation and growth are poorly understood. It …

Metformin is an oral antihyperglycemic drug widely used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus
(T2DM), acting via indirect activation of 5′ Adenosine monophosphate-activated Protein …

The trillions of microbes that colonize our adult intestine are referred to as the gut
microbiome (GMB). Functionally it behaves as a metabolic organ that communicates with …

Background and aims Nephrolithiasis is a common renal disease with no effective
medication. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, an anti-diabetic agent, have …

In the urinary system, urolithiasis is the third prevalent disorder which causes severe pain in
individuals. Urinary stones are composed of calcium oxalate (CaOx) and calcium phosphate …

Crystals are particles of endogenous inorganic or organic composition that can trigger
kidney injury when deposited or formed inside the kidney. While decades of research have …

Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis is a common and highly recurrent disease in urology;
however, its precise pathogenesis is still unknown. Recent research has shown that renal …