Peripheral nerve injuries induce a pronounced immune reaction within the spinal cord,
largely governed by microglia activation in both the dorsal and ventral horns. The …

Head and neck cancer (HNC) affects over 890,000 people annually worldwide and has a
mortality rate of 50%. Aside from poor survival, HNC pain impairs eating, drinking, and …

Migraine is a complex and debilitating neurological disease that affects 15% of the
population worldwide. It is defined by the presence of recurrent severe attacks of disabling …

Persistent ocular pain caused by corneal inflammation and/or nerve injury is accompanied
by significant alterations along the pain axis. Both primary sensory neurons in the trigeminal …

Posttraumatic headache (PTH) attributed to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a secondary
headache developed within 7 days after head injury, and in a substantial number of patients …

Satellite glial cells (SGCs) play an important role in regulating the function of trigeminal
ganglion (TG) neurons. Multiple mediators are involved in the bidirectional communication …

Studies on host microbiota and their interactions with the central nervous system (CNS)
have grown considerably in the last decade. Indeed, it has been widely demonstrated that …

Pain is a very important problem of our existence, and the attempt to understand it is one the
oldest challenges in the history of medicine. In this review, we summarize what has been …

Dental pulpitis often induces severe pain, and the molecular immune response is
remarkable in both peripheral and central nervous system. Accumulating evidence indicates …

Oral cancer pain remains a significant public health concern. Despite the development of
improved treatments, pain continues to be a debilitating clinical feature of the disease …