Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is a naturally occurring hydrophilic bile acid that has
been used for centuries in Chinese medicine. Chemically, TUDCA is a taurine conjugate of …

Bile acids are commonly known as digestive agents for lipids. The mechanisms of bile acids
in the gastrointestinal track during normal physiological conditions as well as hepatic and …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ER stress-mediated apoptosis play an important role
during secondary brain damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Increased neutrophil …

Exosomes are small extracellular vehicles which could transport genetic materials and
proteins between cells. Although there are reports about exosomes crossing the blood-brain …

Neuronal death and inflammatory response are two common pathological hallmarks of
acute central nervous system injury and chronic degenerative disorders, both of which are …

Evidence suggests that changes in intestinal microbiota may affect the central nervous
system. However, it is unclear whether alteration of intestinal microbiota affects progression …

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a dominant cause of death and disability worldwide. A
sharp increase in intracranial pressure after SAH leads to a reduction in cerebral perfusion …

Background Sevoflurane post-conditioning exerts nerve-protective effects through inhibiting
caspase-dependent neuronal apoptosis after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Autophagy that is …

The gut contains the largest reservoir of microorganisms of the human body, termed as the
gut microbiota which emerges as a key pathophysiological factor in health and disease. The …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a debilitating mental condition which causes physical
disability and morbidity worldwide. TBI may damage the brain by direct injury that …