Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is the quantification and interpretation of drug
concentrations in blood to optimize pharmacotherapy. It considers the interindividual …

Prodrugs are molecules with little or no pharmacological activity that are converted to the
active parent drug in vivo by enzymatic or chemical reactions or by a combination of the two …

Background: Parkinson's disease is an aggressive and progressive neurodegenerative
disorder that depletes dopamine (DA) in the central nervous system. Dopamine replacement …

Regulation of cosmetic testing and poor predictivity of preclinical drug studies has spurred
efforts to develop new methods for systemic toxicity. Current in vitro assays do not fully …

Ciprofloxacin (CIP), one of the most widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotics, is frequently
detected in the effluents of wastewater treatment plants and aquatic environments. In this …

Background Studies on and the application of polyphenolic compounds, have recently
attracted great interest in the functional foods due to their potential health benefits to …

Extensive research into prodrug modification of active pharmaceutical ingredients and
nanoparticle drug delivery systems has led to unprecedented levels of control over the …

On-demand release of chemotherapeutic drugs from their prodrugs triggered by light
irradiation has been attracting great attention for effective cancer treatment. Herein, we …

Human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) play a critical role in various biological
processes and human diseases. CYP1 family members, including CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and …

Introduction: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating antineoplastic agent with known
toxicity to the male reproductive system. Areas covered: This review summarizes the known …