Throughout evolution, organisms have developed immune-surveillance networks to protect
themselves from potential pathogens. At the cellular level, the signalling events that regulate …

Exosomes are membranous nanovesicles of endocytic origin that carry host and pathogen
derived genomic, proteomic, and lipid cargos. Exosomes are secreted by most cell types into …

In plants and invertebrate animals, RNA silencing is a form of nucleic acid-based adaptive
immunity. By contrast, jawed vertebrates have evolved complex protein-based adaptive …

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) elicit antiviral immune responses to human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Here we show that HIV-1 required signaling by the …

Contact-dependent communication between immune cells generates protection but also
facilitates viral spread. Here we found that macrophages formed long-range actin-propelled …

Natural killer (NK) cells are a major component of the host innate immune defence against
various pathogens. Several viruses, including Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) …

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV or MCPyV) is an alphapolyomavirus causing human Merkel
cell carcinoma and encodes four tumor (T) antigen proteins: large T (LT), small tumor (sT) …

Since the discovery of AIDS in 1981, the global spread of HIV has reached pandemic
proportions, representing a global developmental and public health threat. The development …

Ferroptosis, a regulated form of cellular death characterized by the iron-mediated
accumulation of lipid peroxides, provides a novel avenue for delving into the intersection of …

Ipecac alkaloids are secondary metabolites produced in the medicinal plant Psychotria
ipecacuanha. Emetine is the main alkaloid of ipecac and one of the active compounds in …