Chronic pain, encompassing conditions, such as low back pain, arthritis, persistent post-
surgical pain, fibromyalgia, and neuropathic pain disorders, is highly prevalent but remains …

The brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a crucial neuromodulator in pain
transmission both in peripheral and central nervous system (CNS). Despite evidence of a …

Chronic pain caused by injury or disease of the nervous system (neuropathic pain) has been
linked to persistent electrical hyperactivity of the sensory neurons (nociceptors) specialized …

This article examines the biological, genetic, and environmental aspects of fibromyalgia that
may have an impact on its pathogenesis. Symptoms of fibromyalgia may be related to …

Background: Emotional disorders are common comorbid affectations that exacerbate the
severity and persistence of chronic pain. Specifically, depressive symptoms can lead to an …

Intractable neuropathic pain is a frequent consequence of nerve injury or disease. When
peripheral nerves are injured, damaged axons undergo Wallerian degeneration. Schwann …

Introduction The primary objective of this paper is to (1) provide a summary of human studies
that have used brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a biomarker,(2) review animal …

Interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines originally identified for their antiviral activity. IFN-
α and IFN-β are both type I IFNs that have been used to treat neurological diseases such as …

Despite substantial efforts dedicated to the development of new, nonaddictive analgesics,
success in treating pain has been limited. Clinically available analgesic agents generally …

One of the first signs of viral infection is body-wide aches and pain. Although this type of pain
usually subsides, at the extreme, viral infections can induce painful neuropathies that can …