OBJECTIVE To compare minimally invasive endoscopic and open surgical procedures, to
improve informed consent of parents, and to establish a baseline for further targeted …

During the first year of life, the brain grows rapidly and the neurocranium increases to about
65% of its adult size. Our understanding of the relationship between the biomechanical …

The characterization of mesenchymal progenitors is central to understanding development,
postnatal pathology and evolutionary adaptability. The precise identity of the mesenchymal …

Anatomical systems are organized through a network of structural and functional
relationships among their elements. This network of relationships is the result of evolution, it …

Sutures are fibrous joints in the vertebrate skull. They consist of two bone ends and
intervening fibrous tissue which differentiates from embryonic mesenchyme. Sutures are not …

A gain of function mutation in SHP2, a protein phosphatase encoded by PTPN11, causes
Noonan syndrome (NS), which is characterized in part by developmental deficits in both the …

Abstract Changes in the organization of the musculoskeletal system have accounted for
many evolutionary adaptations in the vertebrate body plan. The musculoskeletal system …

Activating mutations of FGFRs1–3 cause craniosynostosis (CS), the premature fusion of
cranial bones, in man and mouse. The mechanisms by which such mutations lead to CS …

Bones consist of a number of cell types including osteoblasts and their precursor cells at
various stages of differentiation. To analyze cellular organization within the bone, we …

Background Cat breeders observed a frequent occurrence of internal hydrocephalus in
Persian cats with extreme brachycephalic head morphology. Objective To investigate a …