Three types of vascular dysfunction have been described in multiple sclerosis (MS). First,
findings from epidemiological studies suggest that patients with MS have a higher risk for …

Venous abnormalities contribute to the pathophysiology of several neurological conditions.
This paper reviews the literature regarding venous abnormalities in multiple sclerosis (MS) …

Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by demyelination centered around
cerebral veins. Recent studies suggested this topographic pattern may be caused by venous …

Background: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) was recently described in
patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). A subject is considered CCSVI positive if≥ 2 venous …

The prevailing view on multiple sclerosis etiopathogenesis has been challenged by the
suggested new entity chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. To test this hypothesis, we …

Objective An impaired cerebrospinal venous drainage, defined as chronic cerebrospinal
venous insufficiency (CCSVI), has been recently hypothesized to be the possible cause of …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common age‑related neurodegenerative
diseases, which results from a number of environmental and inherited factors. PD is …

Background Recent studies using colour-coded Doppler sonography showed that chronic
impaired venous drainage from the central nervous system is almost exclusively found in …

Background The role of the extracranial venous system in the pathology of central nervous
system (CNS) disorders and aging is largely unknown. It is acknowledged that the …

Importance Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is characterized by
restricted venous outflow from the brain and spinal cord. Whether this condition is …