Most cancer biologists still rely on conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture
techniques to test in vitro anti-tumor drugs prior to in vivo testing. However, the vast majority …

Cell cultures are very important for testing materials and drugs, and in the examination of
cell biology and special cell mechanisms. The most popular models of cell culture are two …

Over the past decade, immunotherapy has become a powerful and evident tool in the fight
against cancers. Notably, the rise of checkpoint blockade using monoclonal antibodies (anti …

Multi‐cellular spheroids are formed as a 3D structure with dense cell–cell/cell–extracellular
matrix interactions, and thus, have been widely utilized as implantable therapeutics and …

Background: The tumor three-dimensional (3D) spheroid model in vitro is effective on
detecting malignant cells and tumorigenesis, and assessing drug resistance. Compared with …

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumour to distant sites and organs
throughout the body. It is the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality, and is …

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely aggressive type of cancer with
an overall survival rate of less than 7-8%, emphasizing the need for novel effective …

The ideal in vitro recreation of the micro-tumor niche—although much needed for a better
understanding of cancer etiology and development of better anticancer therapies—is highly …

The lack of in vitro models that represent the native tumor microenvironment is a significant
challenge for cancer research. Two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture has long been the …

Tumor progression relies on the interaction between neoplastic epithelial cells and their
surrounding stromal partners. This cell cross‐talk affects stromal development, and …