Animal testing has long been used in science to study complex biological phenomena that
cannot be investigated using two-dimensional cell cultures in plastic dishes. With time, it …

Simple Summary Tumor stroma is known to significantly influence cancer initiation and
progression. In the last decade, 3D cell cultures have shown potential in modeling the tumor …

Although metastatic melanoma can be managed with chemotherapy, its heterogeneity and
resistance to therapy remain poorly understood. In addition to the spread of melanoma in the …

Cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells, resulting in the formation of
tumors. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a variety of cell types present within a …

Background: Variants in the ring finger protein 213 (RNF213) gene are known to be
associated with increased predisposition to cerebrovascular diseases development …

Organ on chip (OOC) has emerged as a major technological breakthrough and distinct
model system revolutionizing biomedical research and drug discovery by recapitulating the …

In vivo, the interior and exterior of cells is populated by various macromolecules that create
an extremely crowded milieu. Yet again, in vitro eukaryotic cell culture is conducted in dilute …

A small percentage of data obtained from animal/2D culture models can be translated to
humans. Therefore, there is a need to using native tumour microenvironment mimicking …

In vitro 3D culture systems provide promising tools for screening novel therapies and
understanding drug resistance mechanisms in cancer because they are adapted for high …

The inability of two-dimensional cell culture systems to adequately map the structure and
function of complex organs like skin necessitates the development of three-dimensional (3D) …