Gram-negative bacteria release vesicular structures from their outer membrane, so called
outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs have a variety of functions such as waste disposal …

Background In children, necrotizing pneumonia (NP) is an uncommon, severe complication
of pneumonia. It is characterized by destruction of the underlying lung parenchyma resulting …

Highlights•Immune protection against B. pertussis is multifactorial mediated by both humoral
and cellular responses.•Natural infection or vaccination with whole cell pertussis vaccine …

Pertussis is resurgent in some countries, particularly those in which children receive
acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines in early infancy and boosters later in life. Immunologic …

Introduction: Pertussis (whooping cough) is a vaccine-preventable disease; however,
neither natural-nor vaccine-induced protection is life-long. Although generally not severe in …

The number of cases of pertussis has been increasing since 2014 in China, with high
prevalence of macrolide resistance in ptxP1 isolates and low prevalence in ptxP3 isolates …

Prophylactic vaccines have evolved from traditional whole-cell vaccines to safer subunit
vaccines. However, subunit vaccines still face problems, such as poor immunogenicity and …

The human complement system plays an important role in the defense against invading
pathogens, inflammation and homeostasis. Invading microbes, such as bacteria, directly …

Pertussis, caused by respiratory tract infection with the bacterial pathogen Bordetella
pertussis, has long been considered to be a toxin-mediated disease. Bacteria adhere and …

The paradigm of antivirulence therapy dictates that bacterial pathogens are specifically
disarmed but not killed by neutralizing their virulence factors. Clearance of the invading …