Ca2+-release channels are giant membrane proteins that control the release of Ca2+ from
the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum. The two members, ryanodine receptors …

Nitric oxide (NO) signalling has pleiotropic roles in biology and a crucial function in
cardiovascular homeostasis. Tremendous knowledge has been accumulated on the …

Ion channels play a central role in the regulation of nearly every cellular process. Dating
back to the classic 1952 Hodgkin–Huxley model of the generation of the action potential, ion …

Ca2+ plays a crucial role in connecting membrane excitability with contraction in
myocardium. The hallmark features of heart failure are mechanical dysfunction and …

We report that in heart cells, physiologic stretch rapidly activates reduced-form nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2) to produce reactive oxygen …

Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol 1, 4, 5‐trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) are
calcium (Ca2+) release channels on the endo/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR). Here we …

Ca2+-dependent signaling is highly regulated in cardiomyocytes and determines the force
of cardiac muscle contraction. Ca2+ cycling refers to the release and reuptake of …

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked muscle-wasting disease caused by the
loss of dystrophin. DMD is associated with muscle degeneration, necrosis, inflammation …

The type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) is a Ca2+ release channel on the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) of several types of cells, including cardiomyocytes and pancreatic β cells. In …

In striated muscle, X-ROS is the mechanotransduction pathway by which mechanical stress
transduced by the microtubule network elicits reactive oxygen species. X-ROS tunes Ca2+ …