Cognitive impairment (CI) is common and debilitating in patients with multiple sclerosis.
However, little is known about how different disease courses affect CI, impeding prognosis …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous
system (CNS) manifested with varying clinical course, pathology, and inflammatory patterns …

Interferon beta (IFNβ) is a cytokine that is naturally produced by the immune system in
response to biological and chemical stimuli. It signals by binding to the heterodimeric type I …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which inflammatory lesions lead to
tissue injury in the brain and/or spinal cord. The specific sites of tissue injury are strong …

Interferon-β-1b has been used as a disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS) for
many years. Although its mechanism of action in MS has not been fully elucidated, it …

BACKGROUND: The vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms have been reported to be
associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), however, evidence remains conflicting. A meta …

The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) and its influence on cognitive impairment has
attracted increasing interest. One hundred twenty-eight patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) …

The therapeutic potency of M2000 (β-D-mannuronic acid), a novel designed nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drug with immunosuppressive property in T-cell-mediated autoimmune …

Although interferon (IFN) beta is a widely used disease-modifying therapy in multiple
sclerosis (MS), the mechanisms responsible for its effects are not fully understood. Some …

Fewer gadolinium-enhancing lesions are seen in established primary progressive multiple
sclerosis (PPMS) compared with other subtypes. Previously, we found unexpectedly high …