Chronic pain is a serious condition that significantly impairs the quality of life, affecting an
estimate of 1.5 billion people worldwide. Despite the physiological, emotional and financial …

Tramadol is an opioid-like analgesic with relatively mild side effects. Because it is
inexpensive and is not classified as a controlled substance by the US federal government …

This study describes the antinociceptive activity of extracts (methanolic (ME) and acetonic
(AE)) and two phenolic compounds, 3, 4, 3-trimethoxyflavellagic acid (1) and 3, 4, 3 …

Neuropeptide tyrosine (neuropeptide Y or NPY) is one of the most abundant neuropeptides
in the mammalian central nervous system and also widely distributed in the peripheral …

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a highly conserved neuropeptide with widespread distribution in
the central nervous system and diverse physiological functions. While extensively studied for …

Several reports have demonstrated that neuropeptide Y (NPY) is involved in food intake,
epilepsy, circadian rhythms, drug seeking, pain and anxiety, and other physiological or …

Previous work has demonstrated that neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), Y1 receptor and Y2
receptor are critical in modulation of pain after nerve injury. We hypothesized that NPY was …

The aim of the present experiments was to examine the antinociceptive activity of 4-
substituted derivatives of 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-2, 4-dihydro-3 H-1, 2 …

GPR103 is one of the orphan G protein-coupled receptors. Recently, an endogenous ligand
for GPR103, 26RFa, was identified. Many 26RFa binding sites have been observed in …

Oxysophocarpine (OSC) is an alkaloid extracted from Siphocampylus verticillatus. The aim
of this study was to investigate the anti-nociceptive effects of OSC through systemic and …