Vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation,
organogenesis, and reproduction and a key role in mucosal immune responses. RA …

Vitamin A is a multifunctional vitamin implicated in a wide range of biological processes. Its
control over the immune system and functions are perhaps the most pleiotropic not only for …

COVID-19 is a pandemic disease that causes severe pulmonary damage and
hyperinflammation. Vitamin A is a crucial factor in the development of immune functions and …

Interest in vitamin A as a regulator of immune function goes back to the early 1900s.
Recently, several lines of evidence have converged to show that retinoic acid (RA), a major …

Antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) lodging in the mucosa of the small intestine are derived
from activated B cells that are thought to arise in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) …

Of all the nutrients, vitamin A has been the most extensively evaluated for its impact on
immunity. There are three main forms of vitamin A, retinol, retinal and retinoic acid (RA) with …

Signaling by vitamin A through its active metabolite retinoic acid (RA) is critical for the
normal development and functions of the hematopoietic and immune systems. B cells, as …

Selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD), characterized by a serum IgA level below 0.07 mg/ml,
while displaying normal serum levels of IgM and IgG antibodies, is the most frequently …

The gut microbiota has been shown critical for mucosal adjuvant activity of cholera toxin
(CT), a potent mucosal adjuvant. However, the mechanisms involved remain largely …

There is evidence that probiotic lactobacilli, in addition to essential vitamins, such as vitamin
A and D, have immunomodulatory properties that enhance immune response of neonatal …