Endothelium plays a fundamental role in the cardiovascular system, forming an interface
between blood and adjacent tissues by regulating the vascular tone through the synthesis of …

Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm. It is a
state of out-of-control release of a variety of inflammatory cytokines. The molecular …

Background Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) signaling and angiotensin-converting enzyme
2 (ACE2) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a pandemic condition caused by the new
coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The typical symptoms are fever, cough, shortness of breath …

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are the clinical
manifestations of severe lung damage and respiratory failure. ALI and ARDS result are …

Angiogenesis is a complex physiological process. However, over the past couple of
decades, abnormally accelerated or pathological angiogenesis has garnered greater …

Cigarette smoking is the single most important risk factor for the development of
cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases (CVPD). Although cigarette smoking has been in …

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is undisputedly one of the most prominent endocrine
(tissue-to-tissue), paracrine (cell-to-cell) and intracrine (intracellular/nuclear) vasoactive …

Despite the success of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade by angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers, current …

Although acute exposure of the heart to angiotensin (Ang II) produces physiological cardiac
hypertrophy and chronic exposure results in pathological hypertrophy, the signal …