Neuroinflammation and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are rapidly induced in the
brain after acute cerebral injuries that are associated with an enhanced risk for epilepsy in …

Free radicals are formed as a part of normal metabolic activities but are neutralized by the
endogenous antioxidants present in cells/tissue, thus maintaining the redox balance. This …

The roles of both neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of epilepsy
have begun to receive considerable attention in recent years. However, these concepts are …

Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder involving spontaneous and recurring seizures
that affects 50 million individuals globally. Because approximately one-third of patients with …

Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress are common
underlying events in neurodegeneration. This pathogenic “triad” characterizes the …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced as a result of various environmental factors
and cellular metabolism reactions creating oxidative stress. The reversible oxidative …

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a group of ubiquitously expressed metalloenzymes that
catalyze the reversible hydration/dehydration of CO2/HCO3. Thus, they are involved in those …

Autophagy is an explicit cellular process to deliver dissimilar cytoplasmic misfolded proteins,
lipids and damaged organelles to the lysosomes for degradation and elimination. The …

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder which affects patients physically and mentally
and causes a real burden for the patient, family and society both medically and …

Epilepsy is one of most common chronic neurological disorders, and the antiseizure
medications developed by targeting neurocentric mechanisms have not effectively reduced …