The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The …

It is critical for cells to maintain a homeostatic balance of water and electrolytes because
disturbances can disrupt cellular function, which can lead to profound effects on the …

Because of the presence of the blood–brain barrier, brain renin–angiotensin system activity
should depend on local (pro) renin synthesis. Indeed, an intracellular form of renin has been …

Abstract Purpose of Review The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in
modulating cardiovascular function and fluid homeostasis. While the systemic actions of the …

A major rate-limiting step in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system is the release of
active renin from endocrine cells (juxtaglomerular (JG) cells) in the media layer of the …

Increasing evidence supports a major role for the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) in energy
balance physiology. The RAS exists as a circulating system but also as a local …

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in the brain is a critical determinant of blood pressure,
but the mechanisms regulating RAS activity in the brain remain unclear. Expression of brain …

The existence of a so-called brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is controversial. Given
the presence of the blood–brain barrier, angiotensin generation in the brain, if occurring …

In the classical renin-angiotensin system, circulating ANG II mediates growth stimulatory and
hemodynamic effects through the plasma membrane ANG II type I receptor, AT1. ANG II also …

1008 Hypertension June 2017 renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and the angiotensin
type 1 receptor in the brain. Thus, these data, which did not involve any exogenous …