The programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) represent a well-
characterized immune checkpoint in cancer, effectively targeted by monoclonal antibodies …

Exosomes are small vesicles of endosomal origin that are released by almost all cell types,
even those that are pathologically altered. Exosomes widely participate in cell-to-cell …

With the recent approvals for the application of monoclonal antibodies that target the well-
characterized immune checkpoints, immune therapy shows great potential against both …

Although some effective therapies have been available for cancer, it still poses a great threat
to human health and life due to its drug resistance and low response in patients. Here, we …

Simple Summary Immunotherapy against PD-1/PD-L1 dramatically improved outcomes in
non-small cell lung cancer patients. These treatments are more effective the higher the …

Background: Polyphyllin VII (PP7), a steroidal saponin from Paris polyphylla, has been
found to exert strong anticancer activity. Little is known about the anti-inflammatory property …

Cancer immunotherapy provides an effective way to deal with cancer. Although
immunotherapy strategies have shown encouraging therapeutic effects, the inherent …

Background Circulating proteins are exposed to vascular endothelial layer and influence
their functions. Among them, adipsin is a member of the trypsin family of peptidases and is …

Background Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly fatal malignancy with few effective therapies
currently available. Recent studies have shown that PD-L1 inhibitors could be potential …

Stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment regulate the immune landscape and tumor
progression. Yet, the ontogeny and heterogeneity of reactive stromal cells within tumors is …