The recommendations listed in this guideline are, whenever possible, evidence based. An
initial extensive evidence review, which included literature derived from research involving …

Vascular calcification is associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in
patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Factors unique to patients with CKD, such as …

Abstract Background. Vascular calcification (VC), mainly due to elevated phosphate levels,
is one major problem in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease. In clinical studies, an …

Blood levels of urea rise with progressive decline in kidney function. Older studies
examining acute urea infusion suggested that urea was well-tolerated at levels 8–10× above …

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among patients with chronic kidney
disease (CKD) is relatively high. Deterioration of renal function in CKD leads to …

Overall and cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is greatly
increased, without obvious current effective treatments. Mineral and bone disorder (MBD) is …

Vascular calcification is highly prevalent in end‐stage renal disease and independently
predictive of future cardiovascular events and mortality. C alcification can occur in both the …

Background: Vascular calcification (VC), in which vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)
undergo a phenotypic transformation into osteoblast-like cells, is one of the emergent risk …

Background and aims Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is common among patients with
chronic kidney disease (CKD) and predicts the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We …

Background. There is increasing evidence of the benefit of regular physical exercise in a
number of long-term conditions including chronic kidney disease (CKD). In CKD, this …