We commonly acknowledge that bacterial viruses (phages) shape the composition and
evolution of bacterial communities in nature and therefore have important roles in ecosystem …

The number and diversity of known CRISPR–Cas systems have substantially increased in
recent years. Here, we provide an updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas …

Bacteria are under immense evolutionary pressure from their viral invaders—
bacteriophages. Bacteria have evolved numerous immune mechanisms, both innate and …

We are in the midst of a golden age of uncovering defense systems against bacteriophages.
Apart from the fundamental interest in these defense systems, and revolutionary applications …

Viruses and their hosts are engaged in a constant arms race leading to the evolution of
antiviral defence mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed that the immune arsenal of …

Conventional CRISPR–Cas systems maintain genomic integrity by leveraging guide RNAs
for the nuclease-dependent degradation of mobile genetic elements, including plasmids and …

Host defense against viral pathogens is an essential function for all living organisms. In cell-
intrinsic innate immunity, dedicated sensor proteins recognize molecular signatures of …

Bacteria and archaea are frequently attacked by viruses and other mobile genetic elements
and rely on dedicated antiviral defense systems, such as restriction endonucleases and …

INTRODUCTION Bacteria and archaea are frequently attacked by viruses (phages) and as a
result have developed multiple, sophisticated lines of active defense that can collectively be …

Type V CRISPR-Cas systems are distinguished by a single RNA-guided RuvC domain-
containing effector, Cas12. Although effectors of subtypes VA (Cas12a) and VB (Cas12b) …