This study provides a comprehensive and quantitative estimate of how global temperatures
have changed during the last 540 million years. It combines paleotemperature …

Abstract Earth System Science (ESS) is a rapidly emerging transdisciplinary endeavour
aimed at understanding the structure and functioning of the Earth as a complex, adaptive …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

This urgent and eye-opening book makes the case that protecting humanity's future is the
central challenge of our time. If all goes well, human history is just beginning. Our species …

Abstract The Permian–Triassic mass extinction was marked by a massive release of carbon
into the ocean-atmosphere system, evidenced by a sharp negative carbon isotope …

This chapter addresses the biogeochemical cycles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
and nitrous oxide (N2O). The three greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere …

Abstract The Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum,(PETM) was a global warming event
that occurred about 56 million years ago, and is commonly thought to have been driven …

Over the coming century humanity may need to find reservoirs to store several trillions of
tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from fossil fuel combustion, which would otherwise …

The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; 56 Ma) is one of our best geological
analogs for understanding climate dynamics in a “greenhouse” world. However, proxy data …

Tipping elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …