The conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm is a well-established model utilized to
study the role of context associations in reward-related behaviors, including both natural …

Allostasis, or stability through change, has most often been linked with challenges to
homeostasis, in which repeated challenges or stressors produce sufficient allostatic load to …

What is the defining property of addiction? We dust off a several-decades-long debate about
the relative importance of two forms of reinforcement—positive reinforcement, subjectively …

Emotions are “feeling” states and classic physiological emotive responses that are
interpreted based on the history of the organism and the context. Motivation is a persistent …

Drug addiction can be defined by a three-stage cycle–binge/intoxication,
withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation–that involves allostatic changes …

Highlights•Drug seeking is associated with reward neural circuitry activation.•Addiction
involves decreased brain reward and recruitment of brain stress systems.•The …

Drug addiction can be conceptualized as a disturbance of behavior motivated by drug-
conditioned incentives. This abnormality has been explained by Incentive-Sensitization and …

Although opioids are highly effective for the treatment of pain, they are also known to be
intensely addictive. There has been a massive research investment in the development of …

Among the neurotransmitters involved in addiction, dopamine (DA) is clearly the best known.
The critical role of DA in addiction is supported by converging evidence that has been …

Opioid use disorder is classified as a chronic recurrent disease of the central nervous
system (CNS) which leads to personality disorders, co-morbidities and premature death. It …