Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis have become
intertwined over the past few decades in a “syndemic” that exacerbates the morbidity and …

Immune reconstitution disease (IRD) in HIV-infected patients is an adverse consequence of
the restoration of pathogen-specific immune responses during the initial months of highly …

ContextGuidelines for antiretroviral therapy are important for clinicians worldwide given the
complexity of the field and the varied clinical situations in which these agents are used. The …

Background: It has been suggested that deterioration of tuberculosis (TB) during appropriate
treatment, termed a paradoxical reaction (PR), is more common and severe in HIV positive …

The diagnosis and management of childhood tuberculosis (TB) pose substantial challenges
in the era of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. The highest TB incidences …

Background. We obtained estimates of the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) among patients
receiving HAART and identified determinants of the incidence. Methods. We analyzed the …

Antiretroviral therapy and isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) are both effective interventions
to prevent HIV-associated tuberculosis, but work via different mechanisms. We propose that …

Tuberculosis (TB) and the emerging multidrug-resistant TB epidemic represent major
challenges to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care and treatment programs in resource …

Background: The role of new T-cell–based blood tests for tuberculosis in the diagnosis of
active tuberculosis is unclear. Objective: To compare the performance of 2 interferon-γ …

Use of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) has had a major impact on HIV-
associated morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Access to HAART is now …