The dorsal striatum, the largest subcortical structure of the basal ganglia, is critical in
controlling motor, procedural, and reinforcement-based behaviors. Although in mammals the …

Dopamine (DA) is a behaviorally and clinically diverse neuromodulator that controls CNS
function. DA plays major roles in many behaviors including locomotion, learning, habit …

The acquisition and execution of motor skills are mediated by a distributed motor network,
spanning cortical and subcortical brain areas. The sensorimotor striatum is an important cog …

Effective behavior often requires synchronizing our actions with changes in the environment.
Rhythmic changes in the environment are easy to predict, and we can readily time our …

Almost all brain cells contain cilia, antennae-like microtubule-based organelles. Yet, the
significance of cilia, once considered vestigial organelles, in the higher-order brain functions …

While sensorimotor abnormalities in schizophrenia (SZ) are of increasing scientific interest,
little is known about structural changes and their developmental origins that may underlie …

Intralaminar thalamic nuclei, including the central medial nucleus (CMT), have been
classically implicated in the control of attentional functional states such as sleep-wake …

Research into ascending sensory pathways and cortical networks has generated detailed
models of perception. These same cortical regions are strongly connected to subcortical …

Since the discovery of striatal neurons expressing dopamine-synthesizing enzymes,
researchers have attempted to identify their phenotype and functional significance. In this …

Aim Previous research recognizes that NADPH can produce reduced glutathione (GSH) as
a coenzyme and produce ROS as a substrate of NADPH oxidase (NOX). Besides, excessive …