Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is acknowledged as a major neuromodulator of
nervous systems in both invertebrates and vertebrates. It has been proposed for several …

This review focuses on neuropeptides and peptide hormones, the largest and most diverse
class of neuroactive substances, known in Drosophila and other animals to play roles in …

Peripheral mechanisms in appetite regulation include the motor functions of the stomach,
such as the rate of emptying and accommodation, which convey symptoms of satiation to the …

Animals exhibit innate behaviours to a variety of sensory stimuli including olfactory cues. In
Drosophila, one higher olfactory centre, the lateral horn (LH), is implicated in innate …

The fruit fly can evaluate its energy state and decide whether to pursue food-related cues.
Here, we reveal that the mushroom body (MB) integrates hunger and satiety signals to …

Neuropeptides are by far the largest and most diverse group of signaling molecules in
multicellular organisms. They are ancient molecules important in regulating a multitude of …

Plasticity in animal behaviour relies on the ability to integrate external and internal cues from
the changing environment and hence modulate activity in synaptic circuits of the brain. This …

The internal state of an organism influences its perception of attractive or aversive stimuli
and thus promotes adaptive behaviors that increase its likelihood of survival. The …

Hormones regulate development, as well as many vital processes in the daily life of an
animal. Many of these hormones are peptides that act at a higher hierarchical level in the …

Animals continuously evaluate sensory information to decide on their next action. Different
sensory cues, however, often demand opposing behavioral responses. How does the brain …