Fibromyalgia is a complex and often misunderstood chronic pain disorder. It is characterized
by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and heightened sensitivity, and has evolved in …

Pharmaceutical opioids are intravenously or orally administered analgesics. While they are
effective in relieving chronic and acute pain, their narrow window of therapeutic use …

Objectives: Summarize the indications for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.
Explain how transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduces pain. Recall the …

Symptomatic inflammatory conditions of the prostate are quite common, accounting for about
2 million outpatient visits annually in the United States.[1] These visits are evenly split …

Chronic stress and chronic pain share neuro-anatomical, endocrinological, and biological
features. However, stress prepares the body for challenging situations or mitigates tissue …

Although severe abdominal pain is the main symptom of acute pancreatitis, its mechanisms
are poorly understood. An emerging body of literature evidence indicates that neurogenic …

Abstract Purpose of Review The present investigation evaluated integration of novel
medication technology to enhance treatment options, while improving patient outcomes in …

Background A growing number of studies has combined transcranial direct current
stimulation (tDCS) with other non-invasive non-pharmacological therapies (NINPT) to …

Pain-insomnia-depression syndrome (PIDS) is a complex triad of chronic pain, insomnia,
and depression that has profound effects on an individual's quality of life and mental health …

Limitations of pharmaceutical drugs and biologics for chronic diseases (eg, medication non-
adherence, adverse effects, toxicity, or inadequate efficacy) can be mitigated by mobile …