Reversal learning paradigms are among the most widely used tests of cognitive flexibility
and have been used as assays, across species, for altered cognitive processes in a host of …

Rat orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is located in the dorsal bank of the rhinal sulcus, and is
divided into the medial orbital area, ventral orbital area, ventrolateral orbital area, lateral …

Sophisticated behavioral paradigms partnered with the emergence of increasingly selective
techniques to target the basolateral amygdala (BLA) have resulted in an enhanced …

This article offers a reformulation of the negative reinforcement model of drug addiction and
proposes that the escape and avoidance of negative affect is the prepotent motive for …

The amygdala—an almond-shaped group of nuclei at the heart of the telencephalon—has
been associated with a range of cognitive functions, including emotion, learning, memory …

The lack of a single anatomical or functional definition of 'prefrontal cortex'has led to different
and, in some respects, controversial views on the existence of a prefrontal cortex in non …

Humans share with animals a primitive neural system for processing emotions such as fear
and anger. Unlike other animals, humans have the unique ability to control and modulate …

The amygdala is composed of structurally and functionally distinct nuclei that contribute to
the processing of emotion through interactions with other subcortical and cortical structures …

Neural responses accompanying anticipation and experience of monetary gains and losses
were monitored by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Trials comprised an initial" …

The prefrontal cortex and the amygdala have synergistic roles in regulating purposive
behavior, effected through bidirectional pathways. Here we investigated the largely …