Insulin resistance is the pivotal pathogenic component of many metabolic diseases,
including type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is defined as a state of reduced responsiveness of …

The molecular mechanisms of cellular insulin action have been the focus of much
investigation since the discovery of the hormone 100 years ago. Insulin action is impaired in …

Decades of research in skeletal muscle physiology have provided multiscale insights into
the structural and functional complexity of this important anatomical tissue, designed to …

The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

Transcriptional regulation of catabolic pathways is a central mechanism by which cells
respond to physiological cues to generate the energy required for anabolic pathways …

The role of oxidative stress in the occurrence and development of diabetes mellitus is both
critical and pivotal. Several molecular event cascade in different metabolic pathways such …

The Ser and Thr kinase AKT, also known as protein kinase B (PKB), was discovered 25
years ago and has been the focus of tens of thousands of studies in diverse fields of biology …

The mechanism of insulin action is a central theme in biology and medicine. In addition to
the rather rare condition of insulin deficiency caused by autoimmune destruction of …

Insulin is the paramount anabolic hormone, promoting carbon energy deposition in the
body. Its synthesis, quality control, delivery, and action are exquisitely regulated by highly …

Genetic architecture describes the characteristics of genetic variation that are responsible for
heritable phenotypic variability. It depends on the number of genetic variants affecting a trait …