Water pollution with large‐scale and small‐scale plastic litter is an area of growing concern.
Macro‐plastic litter is a well‐known threat to aquatic wildlife; however, the effects of micro …

Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) are a group of cytokines that play critical roles in regulating a
diverse range of physiological processes in vertebrates. TNFs function by activating a large …

Extracellular DNA traps (ETs) are evolutionarily conserved antimicrobial mechanisms
present in protozoa, plants, and animals. In this review, we compare their similarities in …

Rising ocean temperatures due to climate change combined with the intensification of
anthropogenic activity can drive shifts in the geographic distribution of species, with the risks …

Energy-based trade-offs occur when investment in one fitness-related trait diverts energy
away from other traits. The extent to which such trade-offs are shaped by limits on the rate of …

The present study investigated occurrence of environmental estrogens (EEs) in waterways
managed by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago ('District')—one …

In the face of ongoing climate change, it is imperative to understand better the effects of
temperature on immune function in freshwater teleosts. It is unclear whether previously …

The phagocyte respiratory burst is part of the innate immune response to pathogen infection
and involves the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are toxic and function to …

The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) is an environmental sentinel species,
commonly used in toxicity testing. However, there is a lack of data regarding basic immune …

To monitor the expression of cytokine genes in Japanese pufferfish, a novel platform for
quantitative multiplexed analysis was developed. This custom-designed multiplex RT-PCR …