Reproduction involves a wide range of biological processes, including organ formation and
development, neuroendocrine regulation, hormone production, and meiosis and mitosis …

Cryptorchidism, ie, undescended testis, is one of the most common genital malformations in
newborn male babies. The birth rate of cryptorchidism varies from 1.6 to 9.0%. Etiology of …

Hypogonadism is an endocrine disorder characterized by inadequate serum testosterone
production by the Leydig cells of the testis. It is triggered by alterations in the hypothalamic …

In this review, the elements included in both sex determination and sex differentiation are
briefly analyzed, exposing the pathophysiological and clinical classification of disorders or …

There are 3 physiological waves of central hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis
activity over the lifetime. The first occurs during fetal life, the second—termed “mini-puberty” …

Spermatogenesis is a complex process of germ cell division and differentiation that involves
extensive cross-talk between the developing germ cells and the somatic testicular cells …

Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), or lack of sperm in the ejaculate due to spermatogenic
dysfunction, is the most severe form of infertility. Men with this form of infertility should be …

Cryptorchidism in males constitutes a notable risk factor for both infertility and testicular
cancer. Infertility in adulthood is closely linked to the germ cell status in childhood …

Cryptorchidism - Abstract - Europe PMC Sign in | Create an account https://orcid.org Europe
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Under normal conditions, to achieve optimal spermatogenesis, the temperature of the testes
should be 2–6° C lower than body temperature. Cryptorchidism is one of the common …