Introduction Melatonin, originally isolated from the mammalian pineal gland, was
subsequently identified in many animal cell types and in plants. While melatonin was …

It is estimated that, at minimum, 500 million individuals suffer from cellular metabolic
dysfunction, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), throughout the world. Even more concerning is …

Disorders of metabolism affect multiple systems throughout the body, but may have the
greatest impact on both central and peripheral nervous systems. Current available …

As a significant non-communicable disease, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of
death for both men and women, comprises almost twenty percent of deaths in most racial …

Metabolic disorders and diabetes (DM) impact more than five hundred million individuals
throughout the world and are insidious in onset, chronic in nature, and yield significant …

Glutamate and-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the most abundant amino acids in the retina.
An imbalance of the glutamate/GABA system is involved in the pathogenesis of various …

The sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents most of the clinical cases for AD
and at least ten percent of the global population over the age of 65 are affected by sporadic …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death and illness worldwide.
While there have been advancements in the treatment of CVDs using medication and …

Microglia account for approximately fifteen percent of the cell population in the brain and
spinal cord. These cells, considered to be family members of glial cells, have an active role …

Mitochondria functionally degrade as neurons age. Degenerative changes cause inefficient
oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and elevated electron leakage from the electron …