We analyzed for the first time the expression of chemokines in subpopulations of the murine
immune system at the single-cell level. We demonstrate in vitro and in a model of murine …

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) is a member of the STAT family
and localizes to the cytoplasm. STAT4 is phosphorylated after a variety of cytokines bind to …

IL-12 is thought to be involved in the susceptibility to experimental autoimmune
encephalomyelitis (EAE), a Th1 cell-mediated autoimmune disorder of the CNS. IL-12 …

Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that the ligation of phagocytic receptors on
macrophages can influence cytokine production. In this study, we examine the cytokine …

Over the past 50 years, thalidomide has been a target of active investigation in both
malignant and inflammatory conditions. Although initially developed for its sedative …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a major role in promoting tumor growth and
metastasis and in suppressing the antitumor immune response. Despite the …

Fractalkine (FKN, CX3CL1) is a membrane-bound CX3C chemokine induced by primary
proinflammatory signals in vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Here we examined the role of …

Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic cells that play a critical role in the innate immune
response against infections and tumors. Recent studies on NK cell biology have …

Abstract MHC class I (MHC I) antigen presentation of exogenous antigens (so called “cross
presentation”) is a central mechanism of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses …

TCR ligation and co-stimulation induce cellular division; however, optimal accumulation of
effector CD8 T cells requires direct inflammatory signaling by signal 3 cytokines, such as IL …