This study provides a comprehensive and quantitative estimate of how global temperatures
have changed during the last 540 million years. It combines paleotemperature …

Abstract Earth System Science (ESS) is a rapidly emerging transdisciplinary endeavour
aimed at understanding the structure and functioning of the Earth as a complex, adaptive …

BACKGROUND Humans are altering the planet, including long-term global geologic
processes, at an increasing rate. Any formal recognition of an Anthropocene epoch in the …

Stratigraphy provides insights into the evolution and dynamics of the Earth System over its
long history. With recent developments in Earth System science, changes in Earth System …

Abstract The Phanerozoic Eon has witnessed considerable changes in the climate system
as well as abundant animals and plant life. Therefore, the evolution of the climate system in …

Specific components of the Earth system may abruptly change their state in response to
gradual changes in forcing. This possibility has attracted great scientific interest in recent …

Stratigraphy is defined as the study of layered rocks. In the context of sedimentary geology in
general, and of this book in particular, stratigraphy is the discipline that pulls everything …

The tectonics, geography, and climate of the Cretaceous world was a very different from the
modern world. At the start of the Cretaceous, the supercontinent of Pangea had just begun to …

Biodiversity of Antarctica includes climatically adapted microflora. Antarctic flora mainly
contains cryptogams and are dominated by lichens, followed by mosses and algae. Among …

The Antarctic Roadmap Challenges (ARC) project identified critical requirements to deliver
high priority Antarctic research in the 21st century. The ARC project addressed the …