Virus-like particles (VLPs) have become key tools in biology, medicine and even
engineering. After their initial use to resolve viral structures at the atomic level, VLPs were …

Despite the overwhelming success of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases, there
remain numerous globally devastating diseases without fully protective vaccines, particularly …

Vaccine efforts to combat the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-
2), which is responsible for the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, are …

Vaccine efficacy can be increased by arraying immunogens in multivalent form on virus-like
nanoparticles to enhance B-cell activation. However, the effects of antigen copy number …

How antigen valency affects B cells in vivo during immune responses is not well understood.
Here, using HIV immunogens with defined valencies ranging from 1 to 60, we investigated …

The immune system plays a critical role in our health. No other component of human
physiology plays a decisive role in as diverse an array of maladies, from deadly diseases …

Therapeutic proteins have a propensity for aggregation during manufacturing, shipping, and
storage. The presence of aggregates in protein drug products can induce adverse immune …

The present vaccine against influenza virus has the inevitable risk of antigenic discordance
between the vaccine and the circulating strains, which diminishes vaccine efficacy. This …

HIV employs multiple means to evade the humoral immune response, particularly the
elicitation of and recognition by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Such antibodies …

The need to optimize vaccine potency while minimizing toxicity in healthy recipients has
motivated studies of the formulation of vaccines to control how, when, and where antigens …