Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function. The gradual decline in
kidney function leads to an accumulation of toxins normally cleared by the kidneys, resulting …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is classified into five stages with kidney failure being the most
severe stage (stage G5). CKD conveys a high risk for coronary artery disease, heart failure …

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii) is one of the most abundant bacterial species in
the colon of healthy human adults and representing more than 5% of the total bacterial …

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease
(CKD). As CKD progresses, CKD-specific risk factors, such as disordered mineral …

Patients with CKD have a 4–fivefold higher rate of fractures. The incidence of fractures
increases with deterioration of kidney function. The process of skeletal changes in CKD …

The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins
consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine …

Introduction: The newest intravenous (IV) iron products show an improved safety profile over
predecessors, allowing for the rapid administration of relatively high doses. Ferric …

Phosphorus is an essential mineral that is, in the form of inorganic phosphate (Pi), required
for building cell membranes, DNA and RNA molecules, energy metabolism, signal …

The bone-derived hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) acts in concert with
parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the active vitamin D metabolite calcitriol in the regulation of …

A series of problems including osteopathy, abnormal serum data, and vascular calcification
associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are now collectively called CKD-mineral bone …