The development of multidrug resistance (MDR) to chemotherapy remains a major
challenge in the treatment of cancer. Numerous mechanisms have been recognized that …

Aptamers, synthetic single-strand oligonucleotides that are similar in function to antibodies,
are promising as therapeutics because of their minimal side effects. However, the stability …

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has been frequently compared with a type of
malignant disease and has an incredible number of pathogenic mechanisms similar to …

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway has a critical role in renal
development, tissue repair and electrolyte handling. Numerous studies have reported an …

The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a member of the erbB class of
tyrosine kinase receptors. These proteins are normally expressed at the surface of healthy …

Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides (RNA or DNA) with a typical length between
25 and 100 nucleotides which fold into three-dimensional structures capable of binding to …

Molecular targeted therapy has revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment due to
better therapeutic responses and less systemic toxicity. However, therapeutic resistance is a …

Intracellular antibodies (intrabodies) are recombinant antibody fragments that bind to target
proteins expressed inside of the same living cell producing the antibodies. The molecules …

Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in the world. In 2020, 19.3 million cancer cases and
10 million deaths were reported in the world. It is supposed that the prevalence of cancer …

EGFR is a member of the ERBB family. It plays a significant role in cellular processes such
as growth, survival and differentiation via the activation of various signaling pathways. EGFR …